No Autostart - When switching the phone on up to the pin inquiry press the whole time the "ABC" key (pen) - this is to ignore the autoinitialization programs (and the MMC programs) - "safeboot".
*#06# Serial Number/IMEI indicates
*#0000# SW version (e.g. V3.42.1, 16-10-03, NHL-10)
*#2820# Bluetooth (BT) device address
xx# Directory quick access (xx = storage location and afterwards lozenge e.g. 24 #)
12345 ... is according to be the standard Nokia nokia-securitycode.
Caution - starting from here the codes are "dangerous"
*#7370925538#
*#Res0Wallet#... is to delete the code around the "wallet"
*#7780# - Reset to original settings
*#7370# - Soft format - resets all the telefone Memory (like Formatting a diskNOTE! Battery should be full up to at least 75%, do not accomplish during the procedure under any circumstances !
The procedure takes some minutes (approx. 3-4) Green, * 3 - Hard format: If the Mobile (only telephone memory) formats, puts back the attitudes (see * to # 7780 #) and implements a RESET.
NOTE! Battery should be full up to at least 75%, do not accomplish during the procedure under any circumstances !
The procedure takes some minutes (approx. 3-4)Proceeding: Equipment switch off, keep "green key" (take off) at the same time pressed, "*" and to "3" key and switch the equipment on (the keys thereby keep further pressed)... to "Formatting" on the display appears...
Tip 2 : Shit happens, on a smartphone, its inevitable u do something wrong, and this calls for a format of fone. to format the fone, press *#7370#, then enter the lock code, which is the sec code of the fone.
NOTE: batt must b full, else if format is disrupted by low batt, consequences will b disatrousI heard the code *#7780# works too, pretty much the same i tink.for 6600 users, to format the fone, theres an alternative way.
Press and hold <3>, <*>, and the buttons, then power on fone, keep holding on the 3 buttons, till u come to a format screen. tis method ONLY works on 6600, and need not enter the sec code. BUT sec code wun be reset to default 12345
Tip 7: Operator logosUse a filemanager like FExplorer or SeleQ to add the folders: "c:/system/Apps/phone/oplogo". Add a .bmp picture to folder "oplogo" and restart your phone! The .bmp picture size needs to be: 97 x 25 pixels
Tip 9: While you are viewing a picture in your phone's gallery, press one of these shortcut keys (definitely works on 6600, not sure about other symbians)1 - turn image anticlockwise3 - turn image clockwise* - toggle on/off of full screen5 - zoom in0 - zoom outA soft and Hard resetA
Soft-reset - the process of resetting all the settings of the phone to the factory default! No applications are deleted! A Hard-reset is like formatting a drive! It does format the memory. Everything that has been installed after the first use of the phone is deleted! It will recover the memory of the phone to the state you purchased it!
It is done by inputing the following code: *#7370# NOTE: The battery must be full or the charger has to be connected to the phone so that it does not run out of power and make the phone unusableStart up in Safe Mode so no 'auto start' apps will be running:To make sure that no memory-resident programs start when you reboot your phone,hold down the pencil key when you turn on the phone and hold it on untill you have to enter your PIN code.(When you have trouble booting up the phone with the MMC in it because it got corrupted for some reason, this trick willalmost always let you boot up the phone so you can remove the latest installed app which might have caused theproblem or if your phone is "unrepairable" you can still back up your important data before you do a format.)
[/>">>>>>>>>>>>>>>It may happens that a program corrupts the C: drive of your phone. In such case, some data can be lost of course but, more annoying, some applications may not work or work only partially,...Series 60On a Series 60 v1 based phone (N-Gage, 3650, 7650), two key sequences will allow to restore your phone to a cleaner state:
Normal Reset (*#7780#) : Restores ini files from rom but preserves user data (photos, 3rd party apps etc)Deep Reset (*#7370#) :
This reformats completely the C: drive. All applications and files stored on this drive will be lost and clean default files will be rewritten.In both case, the phone will ask you a confirmation and you will have to enter a security code (12345 by default).Files and applications stored on E: drive are not be affected by these sequences.On newer Series 60 phones (6600/6620/7610), the sequence is slightly different:power the phone off,press and keep down the keeys green/talk + ’3’ + ’*’, - power on the phone.release the keys when the formatting starts.>">>>>>>>>>>>>>*3370#
This Nokia code activates Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR) - Your Nokia cell phone uses the best sound quality but talk time is reduced my approx. 5%#3370# Deactivate Enhanced Full Rate Codec (EFR)*#4720# Activate Half Rate Codec - Your phone uses a lower quality sound but you should gain approx 30% more Talk Time*#4720# With this Nokia code you can deactivate the Half Rate Codec*#0000# Displays your phones software version,
1st Line : Software Version, 2nd Line : Software Release Date, 3rd Line : Compression Type*#9999# Phones software version if *#0000# does not work*#06# For checking the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI Number)#pw+1234567890+1# Provider Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)#pw+1234567890+2# Network Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)#pw+1234567890+3# Country Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)
#pw+1234567890+4# SIM Card Lock Status. (use the "*" button to obtain the "p,w" and "+" symbols)*#147# This lets you know who called you last (Only vodofone)*#1471# Last call (Only vodofone)*#21# This phone code allows you to check the number that "All Calls" are diverted to*#2640# Displays phone security code in use*#30# Lets you see the private number*#43# Allows you to check the "Call Waiting" status of your cell phone.*#61# Allows you to check the number that "On No Reply" calls are diverted to*#62# Allows you to check the number that "Divert If Unreachable (no service)" calls are diverted to*#67# Allows you to check the number that "On Busy Calls" are diverted to*#67705646# Phone code that removes operator logo on 3310 & 3330*#73# Reset phone timers and game scores
*#746025625# Displays the SIM Clock status, if your phone supports this power saving feature "SIM Clock Stop Allowed", it means you will get the best standby time possible*#7760# Manufactures code*#7780# Restore factory settings*#8110# Software version for the nokia 8110*#92702689# Displays - 1.Serial Number, 2.Date Made, 3.Purchase Date, 4.Date of last repair (0000 for no repairs), 5.Transfer User Data. To exit this mode you need to switch your phone off then on again*#94870345123456789# Deactivate the PWM-Mem**21*number# Turn on "All Calls" diverting to the phone number entered**61*number# Turn on "No Reply" diverting to the phone number entered**67*number# Turn on "On Busy" diverting to the phone number entered12345 This is the default security codepress and hold # Lets you switch between lines
Wednesday, February 25, 2009
Thursday, February 19, 2009
BOOT PROCESS-XP, 2000, 2003
First is the POST, this stands for Power on Self Test, for the computer. This process tests memory as well as a number of other subsystems. You can usually monitor this as it runs each test. After that is complete the system will run POST for any device that has BIOS (Basic Input-Output System). An AGP has its own BIOS, as do some network cards and various other devices.Once the POST is complete and the BIOS is sure that everything is working properly, the BIOS will then attempt to read the MBR (Master Boot Record). This is the first sector of the first hard drive (called the Master or HD0). When the MBR takes over it means that Windows is now in control.The MBR looks at the BOOT SECTOR (the first sector of the active partition). That is where NTLDR is located; NTLDR is the BOOT LOADER for Windows XP. NTLDR will allow memory addressing, initiate the file system, read the boot.ini and load the boot menu. NTLDR has to be in the root of the active partition as do NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, BOOTSECT.DOS (for multi-OS booting) and NTBOOTDD.SYS (if you have SCSI adapters)Once XP is selected from the Boot Menu, NTLDR will run NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI and BOOTSECT.DOS to get the proper OS selected and loaded. The system starts in 16-bit real mode and then moves into 32-bit protected mode.NTLDR will then load NTOSKRNL.EXE and HAL.DLL. Effectively, these two files are windows XP. They must be located in %SystemRoot%System32.NTLDR reads the registry, chooses a hardware profile and authorizes device drivers, in that exact order.At this point NTOSKRNL.EXE takes over. It starts WINLOGON.EXE that in turn starts LSASS.EXE; this is the program that displays the Logon screen so that you can logon.Sample Boot.ini File
This is a sample of a default Boot.ini file from a Windows XP Professional computer.
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /fast detect
This is a sample of a default Boot.ini file from a Windows XP Professional computer.
[boot loader]
timeout=30
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(1)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP Professional" /fast detect
How do I Backup Active Directory?
Backing up Active Directory is essential to maintain an Active Directory database. You can back up Active Directory by using the Graphical User Interface (GUI) and command-line tools that the Windows Server 2003 family provides.You frequently backup the system state data on domain controllers so that you can restore the most current data. By establishing a regular backup schedule, you have a better chance of recovering data when necessary.To ensure a good backup includes at least the system state data and contents of the system disk, you must be aware of the tombstone lifetime. By default, the tombstone is 60 days. Any backup older than 60 days is not a good backup. Plan to backup at least two domain controllers in each domain, one of at least one backup to enable an authoritative restore of the data when necessary.
System State Data
Several features in the windows server 2003 family make it easy to backup Active Directory. You can backup Active Directory while the server is online and other network function can continue to function.
System state data on a domain controller includes the following components:•
Active Directory system state data does not contain Active Directory unless the server, on which you are backing up the system state data, is a domain controller. Active Directory is present only on domain controllers. •
The SYSVOL shared folder:
This shared folder contains Group policy templates and logon scripts. The SYSVOL shared folder is present only on domain controllers. •
The Registry: This database repository contains information about the computer's configuration. • System startup files: Windows Server 2003 requires these files during its initial startup phase. They include the boot and system files that are under windows file protection and used by windows to load, configure, and run the operating system. •
The COM+ Class Registration database: The Class registration is a database of information about Component Services applications. •
The Certificate Services database: This database contains certificates that a server running Windows server 2003 uses to authenticate users. The Certificate Services database is present only if the server is operating as a certificate server. System state data contains most elements of a system's configuration, but it may not include all of the information that you require recovering data from a system failure. Therefore, be sure to backup all boot and system volumes, including the System State, when you back up your server.
System State Data
Several features in the windows server 2003 family make it easy to backup Active Directory. You can backup Active Directory while the server is online and other network function can continue to function.
System state data on a domain controller includes the following components:•
Active Directory system state data does not contain Active Directory unless the server, on which you are backing up the system state data, is a domain controller. Active Directory is present only on domain controllers. •
The SYSVOL shared folder:
This shared folder contains Group policy templates and logon scripts. The SYSVOL shared folder is present only on domain controllers. •
The Registry: This database repository contains information about the computer's configuration. • System startup files: Windows Server 2003 requires these files during its initial startup phase. They include the boot and system files that are under windows file protection and used by windows to load, configure, and run the operating system. •
The COM+ Class Registration database: The Class registration is a database of information about Component Services applications. •
The Certificate Services database: This database contains certificates that a server running Windows server 2003 uses to authenticate users. The Certificate Services database is present only if the server is operating as a certificate server. System state data contains most elements of a system's configuration, but it may not include all of the information that you require recovering data from a system failure. Therefore, be sure to backup all boot and system volumes, including the System State, when you back up your server.
RAID types
RAID-0: RAID-0 is called disk "striping". All the data is spread out in chunks across all the disks in the RAID set. RAID-0 has great performance, because you spread out the load of storing data onto more physical drives. There is no parity generated for RAID-0. Therefore there is no overhead to write data to RAID-0 disks. RAID-0 is only good for better performance, and not for high availability, since parity is not generated for RAID-0 disks. RAID-0 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-1: RAID-1 is called disk mirroring. All the data is written to at least two separate physical disks. The disks are essentially mirror images of each other. If one of the disks fails, the other can be used to retrieve data. Disk mirroring is good for very fast read operations. It's slower when writing to the disks, since the data needs to be written twice. RAID-1 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-5: RAID-5 uses disk striping with parity. The data is striped across all the disks in the RAID set, along with the parity information needed to reconstruct the data in case of disk failure. RAID-5 is the most common method used, since it achieves a good balance between performance and availability. RAID-5 requires at least three physical disks.
RAID-1: RAID-1 is called disk mirroring. All the data is written to at least two separate physical disks. The disks are essentially mirror images of each other. If one of the disks fails, the other can be used to retrieve data. Disk mirroring is good for very fast read operations. It's slower when writing to the disks, since the data needs to be written twice. RAID-1 requires at least two physical disks.
RAID-5: RAID-5 uses disk striping with parity. The data is striped across all the disks in the RAID set, along with the parity information needed to reconstruct the data in case of disk failure. RAID-5 is the most common method used, since it achieves a good balance between performance and availability. RAID-5 requires at least three physical disks.
DHCP LEASE PROCESS
1. Discover: The host will initially send a broadcast in an attempt to discover a DHCP server on the network.
2. Offer: The DHCP server will 'see' the workstation looking for the DHCP service and respond with an 'offer', which is an IP address.
3. Request: The client will receive the 'offer' and, in most cases, will accept it. This means it sends an 'official request' for the same IP address offered previously by the server.
4. Accept: The DHCP server will complete the transaction by sending an 'accept' message and marking the particular IP address for the specific host.
DHCP SERVER- Dynamic host configuration protocol is used to automatically assign TCP/IP addresses to clients along with the correct subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.
169.254.0.0 -169.254.255.255-APIPA Address
BOOTP- short for Bootstrap Protocol is a UDP network protocol used by a network client to obtain its IP address automatically. This is usually done during the bootstrap process when a computer is starting up. The BOOTP servers assign the IP address from a pool of addresses to each client.
BOOTP/DHCP differencesThere are significant differences in the way in which BOOTP and DHCP perform host configuration. The following table compares and contrasts the features of the two protocols that vary.
BOOTP DHCP Designed prior to DHCP. Designed after BOOTP.Intended to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities. Intended to configure frequently relocated networked computers (such as portables) that have local hard drives and full boot capabilities.Dynamic BOOTP has default 30-day expiration on IP address leases. DHCP has default eight-day expiration on IP address leases.Supports a limited number of client configuration parameters called vendor extensions. Supports a larger and extensible set of client configuration parameters called options.Describes a two-phase bootstrap configuration process, as follows:• Clients contact BOOTP servers to perform address determination and boot file name selection.• Clients contact Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) servers to perform file transfer of their boot image. Describes a single-phase boot configuration process whereby a DHCP client negotiates with a DHCP server to determine its IP address and obtain any other initial configuration details it needs for network operation.BOOTP clients do not rebind or renew configuration with the BOOTP server except when the system restarts. DHCP clients do not require a system restart to rebind or renew configuration with the DHCP server. Instead, clients automatically enter a rebinding state at set timed intervals to renew their leased address allocation with the DHCP server. This process occurs in the background and is transparent to the user.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping a physical machine address to Internet Protocol address (IP address).
DHCP Relay AgentThe DHCP Relay Agent component is a Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) relay agent that relays Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers on different IP networks. The DHCP Relay Agent is compliant with RFC 1542. You cannot use the DHCP Relay Agent component on a computer running the DHCP service. BOOTP is a host configuration protocol developed before DHCP that was designed to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities
2. Offer: The DHCP server will 'see' the workstation looking for the DHCP service and respond with an 'offer', which is an IP address.
3. Request: The client will receive the 'offer' and, in most cases, will accept it. This means it sends an 'official request' for the same IP address offered previously by the server.
4. Accept: The DHCP server will complete the transaction by sending an 'accept' message and marking the particular IP address for the specific host.
DHCP SERVER- Dynamic host configuration protocol is used to automatically assign TCP/IP addresses to clients along with the correct subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.
169.254.0.0 -169.254.255.255-APIPA Address
BOOTP- short for Bootstrap Protocol is a UDP network protocol used by a network client to obtain its IP address automatically. This is usually done during the bootstrap process when a computer is starting up. The BOOTP servers assign the IP address from a pool of addresses to each client.
BOOTP/DHCP differencesThere are significant differences in the way in which BOOTP and DHCP perform host configuration. The following table compares and contrasts the features of the two protocols that vary.
BOOTP DHCP Designed prior to DHCP. Designed after BOOTP.Intended to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities. Intended to configure frequently relocated networked computers (such as portables) that have local hard drives and full boot capabilities.Dynamic BOOTP has default 30-day expiration on IP address leases. DHCP has default eight-day expiration on IP address leases.Supports a limited number of client configuration parameters called vendor extensions. Supports a larger and extensible set of client configuration parameters called options.Describes a two-phase bootstrap configuration process, as follows:• Clients contact BOOTP servers to perform address determination and boot file name selection.• Clients contact Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) servers to perform file transfer of their boot image. Describes a single-phase boot configuration process whereby a DHCP client negotiates with a DHCP server to determine its IP address and obtain any other initial configuration details it needs for network operation.BOOTP clients do not rebind or renew configuration with the BOOTP server except when the system restarts. DHCP clients do not require a system restart to rebind or renew configuration with the DHCP server. Instead, clients automatically enter a rebinding state at set timed intervals to renew their leased address allocation with the DHCP server. This process occurs in the background and is transparent to the user.
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address.
RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping a physical machine address to Internet Protocol address (IP address).
DHCP Relay AgentThe DHCP Relay Agent component is a Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) relay agent that relays Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) messages between DHCP clients and DHCP servers on different IP networks. The DHCP Relay Agent is compliant with RFC 1542. You cannot use the DHCP Relay Agent component on a computer running the DHCP service. BOOTP is a host configuration protocol developed before DHCP that was designed to configure diskless workstations with limited boot capabilities
FSMO ROLES
1) While Active Directory is a distributed system, some servers only carry out specific roles. If something happens to this server or you need a more substantial server to handle a particular role, you must know which servers are handling each role.
There are five FSMO roles:•
PDC emulator (one per domain): This role allows Windows Server 2003 to act as a Windows NT primary domain controller (PDC), and it provides replication support for Windows NT-based backup domain controllers (BDCs). In addition, this role assists with time and group policy synchronization. •
Infrastructure master (one per domain): This role is responsible for updating the group-to-user references whenever the members of groups change or receive new names. •
Relative ID (RID) master (one per domain): This role ensures that every object created has a unique identification number. •
Schema master (one per forest): This role is responsible for maintaining and modifying the Active Directory schema. •
Domain naming master (one per forest): This role is responsible for the addition and deletion of domains in a forest.
==============================
How can you determine which servers hold these roles in an Active Directory forest?
To find the PDC emulator, the infrastructure master, and the RID master, follows these steps:
1. Go to Start Administrative Tools Active Directory Users and Computers.
2. Right-click the domain and select Operations Master. The resulting three tabs will show you which server holds each respective role.
To find the schema master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start Run.
2. Enter regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll in the Open text box, and click OK.
3. Go to Start Run.
4. Enter mmc in the Open text box, and click OK.
5. Go to File Add/Remove Snap-In, and click Add.
6. Click Active Directory Schema, click Add, click Close, and click OK.
7. Right-click Active Directory Schema and select Operations Master from the shortcut menu.
To find the domain naming master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start Administrative Tools Active Directory Domains and Trusts.
2. Right-click Active Directory Domains and Trusts, and select Operations Master from the list.
Transferring the RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Masters via GUITo Transfer the Domain-Specific RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master FSMO Roles:
1. Open the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in from the Administrative Tools folder.
2. If you are NOT logged onto the target domain controller, in the snap-in, right-click the icon next to Active Directory Users and Computers and press Connect to Domain Controller.
3. Select the domain controller that will be the new role holder, the target, and press OK.
4. Right-click the Active Directory Users and Computers icon again and press Operation Masters.
5. Select the appropriate tab for the role you wish to transfer and press the Change button.
6. Press OK to confirm the change.7. Press OK all the way out
There are five FSMO roles:•
PDC emulator (one per domain): This role allows Windows Server 2003 to act as a Windows NT primary domain controller (PDC), and it provides replication support for Windows NT-based backup domain controllers (BDCs). In addition, this role assists with time and group policy synchronization. •
Infrastructure master (one per domain): This role is responsible for updating the group-to-user references whenever the members of groups change or receive new names. •
Relative ID (RID) master (one per domain): This role ensures that every object created has a unique identification number. •
Schema master (one per forest): This role is responsible for maintaining and modifying the Active Directory schema. •
Domain naming master (one per forest): This role is responsible for the addition and deletion of domains in a forest.
==============================
How can you determine which servers hold these roles in an Active Directory forest?
To find the PDC emulator, the infrastructure master, and the RID master, follows these steps:
1. Go to Start Administrative Tools Active Directory Users and Computers.
2. Right-click the domain and select Operations Master. The resulting three tabs will show you which server holds each respective role.
To find the schema master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start Run.
2. Enter regsvr32 schmmgmt.dll in the Open text box, and click OK.
3. Go to Start Run.
4. Enter mmc in the Open text box, and click OK.
5. Go to File Add/Remove Snap-In, and click Add.
6. Click Active Directory Schema, click Add, click Close, and click OK.
7. Right-click Active Directory Schema and select Operations Master from the shortcut menu.
To find the domain naming master, follow these steps:
1. Go to Start Administrative Tools Active Directory Domains and Trusts.
2. Right-click Active Directory Domains and Trusts, and select Operations Master from the list.
Transferring the RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Masters via GUITo Transfer the Domain-Specific RID Master, PDC Emulator, and Infrastructure Master FSMO Roles:
1. Open the Active Directory Users and Computers snap-in from the Administrative Tools folder.
2. If you are NOT logged onto the target domain controller, in the snap-in, right-click the icon next to Active Directory Users and Computers and press Connect to Domain Controller.
3. Select the domain controller that will be the new role holder, the target, and press OK.
4. Right-click the Active Directory Users and Computers icon again and press Operation Masters.
5. Select the appropriate tab for the role you wish to transfer and press the Change button.
6. Press OK to confirm the change.7. Press OK all the way out
BASIC NETWORKING
What are the two types of transmission technology available?
(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point
What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
Difference between the communication and transmission.
Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.
What are the possible ways of data exchange?
(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.
What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.
What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks?
The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"
What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.
What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
What is redirector?
Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?
NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.
What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
What is passive topology?
When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.
What is Brouter?
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
What is point-to-point protocol
A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.
How Gateway is different from Routers?
A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats
What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
What is MAC address?
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
What are the types of Transmission media?
Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
b) Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
What is Project 802?
It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN
protocols.
It consists of the following:
802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.
802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.
What is Protocol Data Unit?
The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).
What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges:
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.
Routers:
They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.
What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.
What is difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.
What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?
Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255
What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
What are major types of networks and explain?
Server-based network
Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
What are the important topologies for networks?
BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.
What is mesh network?
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
Explain 5-4-3 rule?
In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network ,there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.
What MAU?
In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router
Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
What is logical link control?
One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.
What is virtual channel?
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
What is virtual path?
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.
What is packet filter?
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
What is traffic shaping?
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.
What is multicast routing?
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we will call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
What is silly window syndrome?
It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
What are Digrams and Trigrams?
The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.
Expand IDEA.
IDEA stands for International Data Encryption Algorithm.
What is wide-mouth frog?
Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.
What is Mail Gateway?
It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.
What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
What is autonomous system?
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.
What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?
It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?
It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.
What is a Multi-homed Host?
It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.
What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.
What is Proxy ARP?
It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.
What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?
It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.
What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?
It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.
What is source route?
It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point
What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.
Difference between the communication and transmission.
Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.
What are the possible ways of data exchange?
(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.
What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.
What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks?
The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"
What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.
What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.
What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
What is redirector?
Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.
What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?
NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.
What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.
What is passive topology?
When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.
What is Brouter?
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.
What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.
What is point-to-point protocol
A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.
How Gateway is different from Routers?
A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats
What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.
What is MAC address?
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.
Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.
What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.
What are the types of Transmission media?
Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
b) Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.
What is Project 802?
It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN
protocols.
It consists of the following:
802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.
802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.
What is Protocol Data Unit?
The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).
What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges:
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.
Routers:
They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.
What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.
What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.
What is difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.
What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.
What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?
Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255
What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.
What are major types of networks and explain?
Server-based network
Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration
What are the important topologies for networks?
BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.
STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.
RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.
What is mesh network?
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.
What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.
Explain 5-4-3 rule?
In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network ,there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.
What MAU?
In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).
What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router
Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.
What is logical link control?
One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.
What is virtual channel?
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.
What is virtual path?
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.
What is packet filter?
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
What is traffic shaping?
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.
What is multicast routing?
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.
What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we will call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
What is silly window syndrome?
It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.
What are Digrams and Trigrams?
The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.
Expand IDEA.
IDEA stands for International Data Encryption Algorithm.
What is wide-mouth frog?
Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.
What is Mail Gateway?
It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.
What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.
What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
What is autonomous system?
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.
What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?
It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?
It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.
What is a Multi-homed Host?
It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.
What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.
What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.
What is Proxy ARP?
It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.
What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?
It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.
What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?
It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.
What is source route?
It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.
Windows 2003 Tips
1. What are the Default shares in Windows Server 2003?
By default, Windows automatically creates special hidden administrative shares that administrators, programs, and services can use to manage the computer environment or network. These special shared resources are not visible in Windows Explorer or in My Computer, but you can use the Shared Folders tool in Computer Management to view them. Depending on the configuration of your computer, you may see some or all the following special shared resources listed in the Shares folder in Shared Folders:
•
DriveLetter$: Root partitions and volumes are shared as the drive letter name appended with the $ character. For example, drive letters C and D are shared as C$ and D$.
•
ADMIN$: A resource that is used during remote administration of a computer.
•
IPC$: A resource that shares the named pipes that you must have for communication between programs. Note that this resource cannot be deleted.
•
NETLOGON: A resource that is used on domain controllers.
•
SYSVOL: A resources that is used on domain controllers.
•
PRINT$: A resource that is used during the remote administration of printers.
•
FAX$: A shared folder on a server that is used by fax clients during fax transmission.
Note NETLOGON and SYSVOL are not hidden shares but are instead special administrative shares. Generally, Microsoft recommends that you do not modify these special shared resources. However, if you want to remove the special shared resources and prevent them from being created automatically, you can do this by editing the registry.
1. Q) Can I changed password if my machince’s connectivity to DC who holds PDC emulator role has been fails?A) No You cant the password.
Q) i have been asked if there is set of 30 harddisk configured for raid 5 if two harddisk failed what about dataA) It depends how u had configured ur RAID its only Raid5 or with with spare if its only raid 5 then in raid5 if ur 2 nos of HDD goes then ur raid is gone.
Q) How Can i Deploy the Latest Patched in Pc through G.P. wihtout having the Admin Right in Pc.A) Create a batch file and place all the patches in the Netlogon, and deploy the batch file through GP to all the pcs so the same should take affect after restarting the pc.
Q) In Raid 5,Suppose i have 5 HDD of 10-10 GB, After configuring the Raid how much space do i have for utilise.A) -1 out of the total (eg- if u r using 5 u will get only 4 because 1 goes for parity).
Q) How Can i Resolve the Svr name through NslookupA) what exactly u want to do, nslookup command will let u know through which server u r getting routed, (eg- c:\nslookup then u will get ur domain name to which u r getting routed. and if u want to get the name of the pc/server with the ip address then u have to give the command c:\nbtstat -a ip xx-xx-xx-xx)
===========================================================
1. DHCP relay agent where to place it?
Ans: DHCP Relay agent u need to place in Software Router.
Question: How many Zones in Windows 2000 server and Windows 2003 Server ?
Ans: In Windows 2000 there are mainly 3 zones
Standard Primary — zone information is written in Txt fileStandard Secondary — copy of PrimaryActive Directory Integrated– Information stores in Active Directory
In Win2k3 one more zone is added that is Stub zone
–Stub is like secondary but it contains only copy of SOA records, copy of NS records, copy of A records for that zone. No copy of MX, SRV records etc.,With this Stub zone DNS traffic will be low
Question: What is Kerberos? Which version is currently used by Windows? How does Kerberos work?
Answer: Kerberos is the user authentication used in Win2000 and Win2003 Active Directory servers
Kerberos version in 5.0
Port is: 88
It’s more secure and encrypted than NTLM (NT authentication)
1. Which protocol is used for Public Folder?
ANS: SMTP
What is the use of NNTP with exchange?
ANS: This protocol is used the news group in exchange.
1. What is the content of System State backup?
The contents are: Boot files, system filesActive directory (if it’s done on DC)SysVol folder(if it done on DC)Certificate service ( on a CA server)Cluster database ( on a cluster server)registryPerformance counter configuration informationComponent services class registration database
Q: What are the perquisites for installation of Exchange Server?
The prerequisite are
IISSMTPWWW serviceNNTP.NET FrameworkASP.NETThen run ForestprepThen run domainprep
Question: What is Multi Master Replication?
Answer: Multi-master replication is a method of replication employed by databases to transfer data or changes to data across multiple computers within a group. Multi-master replication can be contrasted with a master-slave method (also known as single-master replication).
DFS? DFS Namespace ?
1. DFS Replication. New state-based, multimaster replication engine that is optimized for WAN environments. DFS Replication supports replication scheduling, bandwidth throttling, and a new byte-level compression algorithm known as remote differential compression (RDC).
DFS Namespaces. Technology that helps administrators group shared folders located on different servers and present them to users as a virtual tree of folders known as a namespace. DFS Namespaces was formerly known as Distributed File System in Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003.
What are the four domain functional levels?
Windows 2000 MixedWindows 2000 NativeWindows Server 2003 InterimWindows Server 2003
Windows 2000 Mixed
When you configure a new Windows Server 2003 domain, the default domain functional level is Windows 2000 mixed.Under this domain functional level, Windows NT, 2000, and 2003 domain controllers are supported. However,certain features such as group nesting, universal groups, and so on are not available.
Windows 2000 Native
Upgrading the functional level of a domain to Windows 2000 Native should only be done if there areno Windows NT domain controllers remaining on the network. By upgrading to Windows 2000 Native functional level,additional features become available including: group nesting, universal groups, SID History, and the ability to convertsecurity groups and distribution groups.
Windows Server 2003 Interim
The third functional level is Windows Server 2003 Interim and it is often used when upgrading fromWindows NT to Windows Server 2003. Upgrading to this domain functional level provides support forWindows NT and Windows Server 2003 domain controllers. However, like Windows 2000 Mixed, it does not provide new features.
Windows Server 2003The last functional level is Windows Server 2003. This domain functional level only provides support forWindows Server 2003 domain controllers. If you want to take advantage of all the features included withWindows Server 2003, you must implement this functional level. One of the most important features introducedat this functional level is the ability to rename domain controllers
By default, Windows automatically creates special hidden administrative shares that administrators, programs, and services can use to manage the computer environment or network. These special shared resources are not visible in Windows Explorer or in My Computer, but you can use the Shared Folders tool in Computer Management to view them. Depending on the configuration of your computer, you may see some or all the following special shared resources listed in the Shares folder in Shared Folders:
•
DriveLetter$: Root partitions and volumes are shared as the drive letter name appended with the $ character. For example, drive letters C and D are shared as C$ and D$.
•
ADMIN$: A resource that is used during remote administration of a computer.
•
IPC$: A resource that shares the named pipes that you must have for communication between programs. Note that this resource cannot be deleted.
•
NETLOGON: A resource that is used on domain controllers.
•
SYSVOL: A resources that is used on domain controllers.
•
PRINT$: A resource that is used during the remote administration of printers.
•
FAX$: A shared folder on a server that is used by fax clients during fax transmission.
Note NETLOGON and SYSVOL are not hidden shares but are instead special administrative shares. Generally, Microsoft recommends that you do not modify these special shared resources. However, if you want to remove the special shared resources and prevent them from being created automatically, you can do this by editing the registry.
1. Q) Can I changed password if my machince’s connectivity to DC who holds PDC emulator role has been fails?A) No You cant the password.
Q) i have been asked if there is set of 30 harddisk configured for raid 5 if two harddisk failed what about dataA) It depends how u had configured ur RAID its only Raid5 or with with spare if its only raid 5 then in raid5 if ur 2 nos of HDD goes then ur raid is gone.
Q) How Can i Deploy the Latest Patched in Pc through G.P. wihtout having the Admin Right in Pc.A) Create a batch file and place all the patches in the Netlogon, and deploy the batch file through GP to all the pcs so the same should take affect after restarting the pc.
Q) In Raid 5,Suppose i have 5 HDD of 10-10 GB, After configuring the Raid how much space do i have for utilise.A) -1 out of the total (eg- if u r using 5 u will get only 4 because 1 goes for parity).
Q) How Can i Resolve the Svr name through NslookupA) what exactly u want to do, nslookup command will let u know through which server u r getting routed, (eg- c:\nslookup then u will get ur domain name to which u r getting routed. and if u want to get the name of the pc/server with the ip address then u have to give the command c:\nbtstat -a ip xx-xx-xx-xx)
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1. DHCP relay agent where to place it?
Ans: DHCP Relay agent u need to place in Software Router.
Question: How many Zones in Windows 2000 server and Windows 2003 Server ?
Ans: In Windows 2000 there are mainly 3 zones
Standard Primary — zone information is written in Txt fileStandard Secondary — copy of PrimaryActive Directory Integrated– Information stores in Active Directory
In Win2k3 one more zone is added that is Stub zone
–Stub is like secondary but it contains only copy of SOA records, copy of NS records, copy of A records for that zone. No copy of MX, SRV records etc.,With this Stub zone DNS traffic will be low
Question: What is Kerberos? Which version is currently used by Windows? How does Kerberos work?
Answer: Kerberos is the user authentication used in Win2000 and Win2003 Active Directory servers
Kerberos version in 5.0
Port is: 88
It’s more secure and encrypted than NTLM (NT authentication)
1. Which protocol is used for Public Folder?
ANS: SMTP
What is the use of NNTP with exchange?
ANS: This protocol is used the news group in exchange.
1. What is the content of System State backup?
The contents are: Boot files, system filesActive directory (if it’s done on DC)SysVol folder(if it done on DC)Certificate service ( on a CA server)Cluster database ( on a cluster server)registryPerformance counter configuration informationComponent services class registration database
Q: What are the perquisites for installation of Exchange Server?
The prerequisite are
IISSMTPWWW serviceNNTP.NET FrameworkASP.NETThen run ForestprepThen run domainprep
Question: What is Multi Master Replication?
Answer: Multi-master replication is a method of replication employed by databases to transfer data or changes to data across multiple computers within a group. Multi-master replication can be contrasted with a master-slave method (also known as single-master replication).
DFS? DFS Namespace ?
1. DFS Replication. New state-based, multimaster replication engine that is optimized for WAN environments. DFS Replication supports replication scheduling, bandwidth throttling, and a new byte-level compression algorithm known as remote differential compression (RDC).
DFS Namespaces. Technology that helps administrators group shared folders located on different servers and present them to users as a virtual tree of folders known as a namespace. DFS Namespaces was formerly known as Distributed File System in Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003.
What are the four domain functional levels?
Windows 2000 MixedWindows 2000 NativeWindows Server 2003 InterimWindows Server 2003
Windows 2000 Mixed
When you configure a new Windows Server 2003 domain, the default domain functional level is Windows 2000 mixed.Under this domain functional level, Windows NT, 2000, and 2003 domain controllers are supported. However,certain features such as group nesting, universal groups, and so on are not available.
Windows 2000 Native
Upgrading the functional level of a domain to Windows 2000 Native should only be done if there areno Windows NT domain controllers remaining on the network. By upgrading to Windows 2000 Native functional level,additional features become available including: group nesting, universal groups, SID History, and the ability to convertsecurity groups and distribution groups.
Windows Server 2003 Interim
The third functional level is Windows Server 2003 Interim and it is often used when upgrading fromWindows NT to Windows Server 2003. Upgrading to this domain functional level provides support forWindows NT and Windows Server 2003 domain controllers. However, like Windows 2000 Mixed, it does not provide new features.
Windows Server 2003The last functional level is Windows Server 2003. This domain functional level only provides support forWindows Server 2003 domain controllers. If you want to take advantage of all the features included withWindows Server 2003, you must implement this functional level. One of the most important features introducedat this functional level is the ability to rename domain controllers
Actice Directory Questions with Answers
1. What is Global Catalog Server?
Global Catalog server is the server which keeps the stores the details of each object created in the forest. Global Catalog is the master searchable index to all objects in forest
2. Can GC Server and Infrastructure place in single server? If not explain why?
No, As Infrastructure master does the same job as the GC. It does not work together.
3. What is the size of log file which created before updating into ntds.dit and the total number of files?
Three Log files Names
Edb.log
Res1.log
Res2.log
Each initially 10 MB
4. What does SYSVOL contains?
SysVol Folder contains the public information of the domain & The information for replication
Ex: Group policy object & scripts can be found in this directory.
5. Which is service in your windows is responsible for replication of Domain controller to another domain controller.
KCC generates the replication topology.
Use SMTP / RPC to replicate changes.
6. How data will travel between sites in ADS replication?
As determined in the site connectors
7. What is the port number for SMTP, Kerberos, LDAP, and GC Server??
SMTP 25, Kerberos 88, GC 3268, LDAP 389
8. What Intrasite and Intersite Replication?
Intrasite is the replication within the same site & intersite the replication between sites
9. What is lost & found folder in ADS?
It's the folder where you can find the objects missed due to conflict.
Ex: you created a user in OU which is deleted in other DC & when replication happed ADS didn't find the OU then it will put that in Lost & Found Folder.
10. What is Garbage collection?
Garbage collection is the process of the online defragmentation of active directory. It happens every 12 Hours.
11. What System State data contains?
Contains Startup files,
Registry
Com + Registration Database
Memory Page file
System files
AD information
Cluster Service information
SYSVOL Folder
12. How do you restore a particular OU which got deleted by accident?
Go authoritative restore
13. What is IPSec Policy?
IPSec provides secure gateway-to-gateway connections across outsourced private wide area network (WAN) or Internet-based connections using L2TP/IPSec tunnels or pure IPSec tunnel mode.
IPSec Policy can be deployed via Group policy to the Windows Domain controllers 7 Servers.
14. What are different types of Group Policy?
I don't think there are types of group policies????
15. What is the order of applying Group Policy?
Local Policy.
Site Policy.
Domain Policy.
OU Policy.
16. What are the new features in Windows 2003 related to ADS, Replication, and Trust?
ADS: Can more than 5000 users in the groups
17. How to edit the Schema in ADS?
ADSI Edit
18. What is Domain Local, Global Group, Universal group?
Domain Local – Only Users with in Domain
Global groups are used to grant permissions to objects in any domain in the domain tree or forest. Members of global groups can include only accounts and groups from the domain in which they are defined.
Universal groups are used to grant permissions on a wide scale throughout a domain tree or forest. Members of global groups include accounts and groups from any domain in the domain tree or forest.
19. Diff between Global & Universal group?
Check the answer above.
20. What are the different types of Terminal Services?
User Mode & Application Mode
21. What does mean by root DNS servers?
Public DNS servers Hosted in the Internet which registers the DNS
22. What are the different records in DNS?
A – Address record
MX – Mail Server Record
NS – Name Server
CNAME – Canonical name / Alias
SOA – Start of authority
23. What is a SOA record?
Start of authority – authorized DNS in the domain
24. How does the down-level clients register it names with DNS server?
Enable the WINS integration with DNS.
25. What is RsOP?
RsOP is the resultant set of policy applied on the object (Group Policy)
26. What is default lease period for DHCP Server?
8 days Default
27. What is the process of DHCP clients for getting the ip address?
Discover – Order – Receive - Acknowledge
28. What is multicast?
Multicast scopes enable you to lease Class D IP addresses to clients for participation in multicast transmissions, such as streaming video and audio transmissions.
29. What is superscope?
Superscope enables you to group several standard DHCP scopes into a single administrative group without causing any service disruption to network clients.
30. What is the System Startup process?
Windows 2K boot process on Intel architecture.
1. Power-On Self Tests (POST) is run.
2. The boot device is found, the Master Boot Record (MBR) is loaded into memory, and its program is run.
3. The active partition is located, and the boot sector is loaded.
4. The Windows 2000 loader (NTLDR) is then loaded.
The boot sequence executes the following steps:
1. The Windows 2000 loader switches the processor to the 32-bit flat memory model.
2. The Windows 2000 loader starts a mini-file system.
3. The Windows 2000 loader reads the BOOT.INI file and displays the operating system selections (boot loader menu).
4. The Windows 2000 loader loads the operating system selected by the user. If Windows 2000 is selected, NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM. For other operating systems, NTLDR loads BOOTSECT.DOS and gives it control.
5. NTDETECT.COM scans the hardware installed in the computer, and reports the list to NTLDR for inclusion in the Registry under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE_HARDWARE hive.
6. NTLDR then loads the NTOSKRNL.EXE, and gives it the hardware information collected by NTDETECT.COM. Windows NT enters the Windows load phases.
31. What is WINS hybrid & mixed mode?
Systems that are configured to use WINS are normally configured as a hybrid (H-node) client, meaning they attempt to resolve NetBIOS names via a WINS server and then try a broadcast (B-node) if WINS is unsuccessful. Most systems can be configured to resolve NetBIOS names in one of four modes:
Broadcast (B-node)—Clients use a broadcast only to resolve names. An enhanced B-node setting has the client use an LMHOST file as well. The hex value for this setting is 0x1.
Peer-to-Peer (P-node)—Clients use WINS only to resolve names. The hex value for this setting is 0x2.
Mixed (M-node)—Clients first use a broadcast in an attempt to resolve NetBIOS names. If this fails, they attempt the resolution via the WINS server. The hex value for this setting is 0x4.
Hybrid (H-node)—Clients first use the WINS service in an attempt to resolve NetBIOS names. If this fails, they attempt the resolution via broadcast. The hex value for this setting is 0x8.
32. What is Disk Quota?
Disk Quota is the specifying the limits of usage on the disks.
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1) What is different Editions of Windows 2003 server?
i)Standard Edition
ii)Web Edition
iii)Enterprise Edition
iv)Datacenter Edition
2) What is active directory?
Active Directory is the directory service included in the Windows Server 2003 family. Active Directory includes the directory, which stores information about network resources, as well as all the services that make the information available and useful. Active Directory is also the directory service included in Windows 2000.
3)What is the active directory database name and where it is located?
Name : NTDS.Dit located in c:\windows\ntds\
4)What is the expansion of .Dit ? Scalable size of NTDS in 2k3?
Dit – Directory Information Tree. It is scalable up to 70 TB.
5) What is schema in AD?
The Active Directory schema defines objects that can be stored in Active Directory. The schema is a list of definitions that determines the kinds of objects and the types of information about those objects that can be stored in Active Directory. Because the schema definitions themselves are stored as objects, they can be administered in the same manner as the rest of the objects in Active Directory. Normally called schema object or metadata.
6) Structure of AD in 2kX?
1)Physical structure
Sites ,Domain Controllers
2)Logical structures
Forest, Tree, Domain, OU, object
7) What are the domain functional levels in 2k3?
1)Mixed mode
2)Native mode
3)Interim mode
8) What is Global catalog and GC server?
The global catalog is the central repository of information about objects in a tree or forest. By default, a global catalog is created automatically on the initial domain controller in the first domain in the forest. A domain controller that holds a copy of the global catalog is called a global catalog server.
9) What are the functions of GC?
A) It enables a user to log on to a network by providing universal group membership information to a domain controller when a logon process is initiated.
B) It enables finding directory information regardless of which domain in the forest actually contains the data.
10) What is the active directory database engine name?
ESE (Extensible Storage Engine)
11) What are the partitions available in AD?
i) Schema partition
ii) Configuration Partition
iii) Domain Partition
iv)Application Partition
12) What are the two types of replications?
Inter-site (Site to site) and Intra-site (With in site) replications.
13) What is KCC? What is the function of the KCC?
The KCC is a built-in process that runs on all domain controllers. The KCC configures connection objects between domain controllers. Within a site, each KCC generates its own connections. For replication between sites, a single KCC per site generates all connections between sites.
14) What is the two trust protocols 2k3 using?
Kerberos V5 and NTLM
15) What are the trust relations available in 2k3?
Tree-Root , Parent- Child , Shortcut, Realm, Forest trust , External trust
16)What is the hierarchy of applying Gpo in 2k3?
It is applied from parent level to child level in AD.
i) Local GPO
ii) GPOs linked to sites
iii) GPOs linked to domains
iv) GPOs linked to OUs
17) What are the protocols used on replication?
RPC over IP (Used for synchronies transfer) , SMTP over IP (Asynchronies transfer)
18) What is the default time delay on replication?
Intra site – 15 min ( KCC automatically create the topology for Replication)
Inter-site – 1 hrs.
Security related changes replicated immediately across sites.
19) What Different tables available in NTDS database?
i) Schema table
Ii) Link Table
iii) Data table
iv)Configuration Table
19) Where is the FRS logs stored in and what is the database engine name?
c:\windows\ntfrs\jet\log, The engine used is jet database engine. Ntfrs.jdb.
20) What is tombstone object in AD? What is its life time?
Any objects deleted from Active directory will not removed from Database immediately. That object is called tombstone object. The default life time for that object is 60 days. For win 2k3 SP1 180 days
21) FSMO Roles
In a forest, there are at least five FSMO roles that are assigned to one or more domain controllers. The five FSMO roles are
Schema Master:
The schema master domain controller controls all updates and modifications to the schema. To update the schema of a forest, you must have access to the schema master. There can be only one schema master in the whole forest.
Domain naming master
The domain naming master domain controller controls the addition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain naming master in the whole forest.
Infrastructure Master:
The infrastructure is responsible for updating references from objects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain.
Relative ID (RID) Master:
The RID master is responsible for processing RID pool requests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain.
PDC Emulator
The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as the primary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domain controllers that are running earlier versions of Windows.
For example, if the domain contains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional or Microsoft Windows 2000 client software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NT backup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC.
It is also the Domain Master Browser, and it handles password discrepancies. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the PDC emulator master in each domain in the forest
Global Catalog server is the server which keeps the stores the details of each object created in the forest. Global Catalog is the master searchable index to all objects in forest
2. Can GC Server and Infrastructure place in single server? If not explain why?
No, As Infrastructure master does the same job as the GC. It does not work together.
3. What is the size of log file which created before updating into ntds.dit and the total number of files?
Three Log files Names
Edb.log
Res1.log
Res2.log
Each initially 10 MB
4. What does SYSVOL contains?
SysVol Folder contains the public information of the domain & The information for replication
Ex: Group policy object & scripts can be found in this directory.
5. Which is service in your windows is responsible for replication of Domain controller to another domain controller.
KCC generates the replication topology.
Use SMTP / RPC to replicate changes.
6. How data will travel between sites in ADS replication?
As determined in the site connectors
7. What is the port number for SMTP, Kerberos, LDAP, and GC Server??
SMTP 25, Kerberos 88, GC 3268, LDAP 389
8. What Intrasite and Intersite Replication?
Intrasite is the replication within the same site & intersite the replication between sites
9. What is lost & found folder in ADS?
It's the folder where you can find the objects missed due to conflict.
Ex: you created a user in OU which is deleted in other DC & when replication happed ADS didn't find the OU then it will put that in Lost & Found Folder.
10. What is Garbage collection?
Garbage collection is the process of the online defragmentation of active directory. It happens every 12 Hours.
11. What System State data contains?
Contains Startup files,
Registry
Com + Registration Database
Memory Page file
System files
AD information
Cluster Service information
SYSVOL Folder
12. How do you restore a particular OU which got deleted by accident?
Go authoritative restore
13. What is IPSec Policy?
IPSec provides secure gateway-to-gateway connections across outsourced private wide area network (WAN) or Internet-based connections using L2TP/IPSec tunnels or pure IPSec tunnel mode.
IPSec Policy can be deployed via Group policy to the Windows Domain controllers 7 Servers.
14. What are different types of Group Policy?
I don't think there are types of group policies????
15. What is the order of applying Group Policy?
Local Policy.
Site Policy.
Domain Policy.
OU Policy.
16. What are the new features in Windows 2003 related to ADS, Replication, and Trust?
ADS: Can more than 5000 users in the groups
17. How to edit the Schema in ADS?
ADSI Edit
18. What is Domain Local, Global Group, Universal group?
Domain Local – Only Users with in Domain
Global groups are used to grant permissions to objects in any domain in the domain tree or forest. Members of global groups can include only accounts and groups from the domain in which they are defined.
Universal groups are used to grant permissions on a wide scale throughout a domain tree or forest. Members of global groups include accounts and groups from any domain in the domain tree or forest.
19. Diff between Global & Universal group?
Check the answer above.
20. What are the different types of Terminal Services?
User Mode & Application Mode
21. What does mean by root DNS servers?
Public DNS servers Hosted in the Internet which registers the DNS
22. What are the different records in DNS?
A – Address record
MX – Mail Server Record
NS – Name Server
CNAME – Canonical name / Alias
SOA – Start of authority
23. What is a SOA record?
Start of authority – authorized DNS in the domain
24. How does the down-level clients register it names with DNS server?
Enable the WINS integration with DNS.
25. What is RsOP?
RsOP is the resultant set of policy applied on the object (Group Policy)
26. What is default lease period for DHCP Server?
8 days Default
27. What is the process of DHCP clients for getting the ip address?
Discover – Order – Receive - Acknowledge
28. What is multicast?
Multicast scopes enable you to lease Class D IP addresses to clients for participation in multicast transmissions, such as streaming video and audio transmissions.
29. What is superscope?
Superscope enables you to group several standard DHCP scopes into a single administrative group without causing any service disruption to network clients.
30. What is the System Startup process?
Windows 2K boot process on Intel architecture.
1. Power-On Self Tests (POST) is run.
2. The boot device is found, the Master Boot Record (MBR) is loaded into memory, and its program is run.
3. The active partition is located, and the boot sector is loaded.
4. The Windows 2000 loader (NTLDR) is then loaded.
The boot sequence executes the following steps:
1. The Windows 2000 loader switches the processor to the 32-bit flat memory model.
2. The Windows 2000 loader starts a mini-file system.
3. The Windows 2000 loader reads the BOOT.INI file and displays the operating system selections (boot loader menu).
4. The Windows 2000 loader loads the operating system selected by the user. If Windows 2000 is selected, NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM. For other operating systems, NTLDR loads BOOTSECT.DOS and gives it control.
5. NTDETECT.COM scans the hardware installed in the computer, and reports the list to NTLDR for inclusion in the Registry under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE_HARDWARE hive.
6. NTLDR then loads the NTOSKRNL.EXE, and gives it the hardware information collected by NTDETECT.COM. Windows NT enters the Windows load phases.
31. What is WINS hybrid & mixed mode?
Systems that are configured to use WINS are normally configured as a hybrid (H-node) client, meaning they attempt to resolve NetBIOS names via a WINS server and then try a broadcast (B-node) if WINS is unsuccessful. Most systems can be configured to resolve NetBIOS names in one of four modes:
Broadcast (B-node)—Clients use a broadcast only to resolve names. An enhanced B-node setting has the client use an LMHOST file as well. The hex value for this setting is 0x1.
Peer-to-Peer (P-node)—Clients use WINS only to resolve names. The hex value for this setting is 0x2.
Mixed (M-node)—Clients first use a broadcast in an attempt to resolve NetBIOS names. If this fails, they attempt the resolution via the WINS server. The hex value for this setting is 0x4.
Hybrid (H-node)—Clients first use the WINS service in an attempt to resolve NetBIOS names. If this fails, they attempt the resolution via broadcast. The hex value for this setting is 0x8.
32. What is Disk Quota?
Disk Quota is the specifying the limits of usage on the disks.
==========================================================
1) What is different Editions of Windows 2003 server?
i)Standard Edition
ii)Web Edition
iii)Enterprise Edition
iv)Datacenter Edition
2) What is active directory?
Active Directory is the directory service included in the Windows Server 2003 family. Active Directory includes the directory, which stores information about network resources, as well as all the services that make the information available and useful. Active Directory is also the directory service included in Windows 2000.
3)What is the active directory database name and where it is located?
Name : NTDS.Dit located in c:\windows\ntds\
4)What is the expansion of .Dit ? Scalable size of NTDS in 2k3?
Dit – Directory Information Tree. It is scalable up to 70 TB.
5) What is schema in AD?
The Active Directory schema defines objects that can be stored in Active Directory. The schema is a list of definitions that determines the kinds of objects and the types of information about those objects that can be stored in Active Directory. Because the schema definitions themselves are stored as objects, they can be administered in the same manner as the rest of the objects in Active Directory. Normally called schema object or metadata.
6) Structure of AD in 2kX?
1)Physical structure
Sites ,Domain Controllers
2)Logical structures
Forest, Tree, Domain, OU, object
7) What are the domain functional levels in 2k3?
1)Mixed mode
2)Native mode
3)Interim mode
8) What is Global catalog and GC server?
The global catalog is the central repository of information about objects in a tree or forest. By default, a global catalog is created automatically on the initial domain controller in the first domain in the forest. A domain controller that holds a copy of the global catalog is called a global catalog server.
9) What are the functions of GC?
A) It enables a user to log on to a network by providing universal group membership information to a domain controller when a logon process is initiated.
B) It enables finding directory information regardless of which domain in the forest actually contains the data.
10) What is the active directory database engine name?
ESE (Extensible Storage Engine)
11) What are the partitions available in AD?
i) Schema partition
ii) Configuration Partition
iii) Domain Partition
iv)Application Partition
12) What are the two types of replications?
Inter-site (Site to site) and Intra-site (With in site) replications.
13) What is KCC? What is the function of the KCC?
The KCC is a built-in process that runs on all domain controllers. The KCC configures connection objects between domain controllers. Within a site, each KCC generates its own connections. For replication between sites, a single KCC per site generates all connections between sites.
14) What is the two trust protocols 2k3 using?
Kerberos V5 and NTLM
15) What are the trust relations available in 2k3?
Tree-Root , Parent- Child , Shortcut, Realm, Forest trust , External trust
16)What is the hierarchy of applying Gpo in 2k3?
It is applied from parent level to child level in AD.
i) Local GPO
ii) GPOs linked to sites
iii) GPOs linked to domains
iv) GPOs linked to OUs
17) What are the protocols used on replication?
RPC over IP (Used for synchronies transfer) , SMTP over IP (Asynchronies transfer)
18) What is the default time delay on replication?
Intra site – 15 min ( KCC automatically create the topology for Replication)
Inter-site – 1 hrs.
Security related changes replicated immediately across sites.
19) What Different tables available in NTDS database?
i) Schema table
Ii) Link Table
iii) Data table
iv)Configuration Table
19) Where is the FRS logs stored in and what is the database engine name?
c:\windows\ntfrs\jet\log, The engine used is jet database engine. Ntfrs.jdb.
20) What is tombstone object in AD? What is its life time?
Any objects deleted from Active directory will not removed from Database immediately. That object is called tombstone object. The default life time for that object is 60 days. For win 2k3 SP1 180 days
21) FSMO Roles
In a forest, there are at least five FSMO roles that are assigned to one or more domain controllers. The five FSMO roles are
Schema Master:
The schema master domain controller controls all updates and modifications to the schema. To update the schema of a forest, you must have access to the schema master. There can be only one schema master in the whole forest.
Domain naming master
The domain naming master domain controller controls the addition or removal of domains in the forest. There can be only one domain naming master in the whole forest.
Infrastructure Master:
The infrastructure is responsible for updating references from objects in its domain to objects in other domains. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the infrastructure master in each domain.
Relative ID (RID) Master:
The RID master is responsible for processing RID pool requests from all domain controllers in a particular domain. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the RID master in the domain.
PDC Emulator
The PDC emulator is a domain controller that advertises itself as the primary domain controller (PDC) to workstations, member servers, and domain controllers that are running earlier versions of Windows.
For example, if the domain contains computers that are not running Microsoft Windows XP Professional or Microsoft Windows 2000 client software, or if it contains Microsoft Windows NT backup domain controllers, the PDC emulator master acts as a Windows NT PDC.
It is also the Domain Master Browser, and it handles password discrepancies. At any one time, there can be only one domain controller acting as the PDC emulator master in each domain in the forest
Windows Tips and Secrets
Disabling Display of Drives in My Computer
This is yet another trick you can play on your geek friend. To disable the display of local or networked drives when you click My Computer go to :
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer
Now in the right pane create a new DWORD item and name it NoDrives. Now modify it's value and set it to 3FFFFFF (Hexadecimal) Now press F5 to refresh. When you click on My Computer, no drives will be shown. To enable display of drives in My Computer, simply delete this DWORD item. It's .reg file is as follows:
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]
"NoDrives"=dword:03ffffff
Activate and Deactivate The Screen Saver
the following registry key:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ScreenSavers
Now add a new string value and name it Mouse Corners. Edit this new value to -Y-N. Press F5 to refresh the registry. Voila! Now you can activate your screensaver by simply placing the mouse cursor at the top right corner of the screen and if you take the mouse to the bottom left corner of the screen, the screensaver will deactivate.
Pop a Banner each time Windows Boots
To pop a banner which can contain any message you want to display just before a user is going to log on, go to the key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WinLogon
Now create a new string Value in the right pane named LegalNoticeCaption and enter the value that you want to see in the Menu Bar. Now create yet another new string value and name it: LegalNoticeText. Modify it and insert the message you want to display each time Windows boots. This can be effectively used to display the company's private policy each time the user logs on to his NT box. It's .reg file would be:
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]
"LegalNoticeCaption"="Caption here."
This is yet another trick you can play on your geek friend. To disable the display of local or networked drives when you click My Computer go to :
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer
Now in the right pane create a new DWORD item and name it NoDrives. Now modify it's value and set it to 3FFFFFF (Hexadecimal) Now press F5 to refresh. When you click on My Computer, no drives will be shown. To enable display of drives in My Computer, simply delete this DWORD item. It's .reg file is as follows:
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer]
"NoDrives"=dword:03ffffff
Activate and Deactivate The Screen Saver
the following registry key:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\ScreenSavers
Now add a new string value and name it Mouse Corners. Edit this new value to -Y-N. Press F5 to refresh the registry. Voila! Now you can activate your screensaver by simply placing the mouse cursor at the top right corner of the screen and if you take the mouse to the bottom left corner of the screen, the screensaver will deactivate.
Pop a Banner each time Windows Boots
To pop a banner which can contain any message you want to display just before a user is going to log on, go to the key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WinLogon
Now create a new string Value in the right pane named LegalNoticeCaption and enter the value that you want to see in the Menu Bar. Now create yet another new string value and name it: LegalNoticeText. Modify it and insert the message you want to display each time Windows boots. This can be effectively used to display the company's private policy each time the user logs on to his NT box. It's .reg file would be:
REGEDIT4
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Winlogon]
"LegalNoticeCaption"="Caption here."
Monday, February 16, 2009
Make Windows XP Boot Faster
You can make Windows XP boot faster by 5 - 15 seconds (on some machines).
To do so do the following:
1.Start Registry Editor (Regedit.exe).
2.Locate the following key in the registry:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SessionManager\MemoryManagement\PrefetchParameters
3.Make sure you backup the keys by exporting them to a .reg file.
4.On the EnablePrefetcher value, change the setting from 3 to 5 (decimal).
5.Close the registry editor.
6.Restart your computer.
To do so do the following:
1.Start Registry Editor (Regedit.exe).
2.Locate the following key in the registry:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SessionManager\MemoryManagement\PrefetchParameters
3.Make sure you backup the keys by exporting them to a .reg file.
4.On the EnablePrefetcher value, change the setting from 3 to 5 (decimal).
5.Close the registry editor.
6.Restart your computer.
Saturday, February 14, 2009
Runline Commands in XP and Vista
| To Access…. | Run Command |
| AC3 Filter (if installed) | ac3filter.cpl |
| Add/Remove Programs | appwiz.cpl |
| Calculator | calc |
| Certificate Manager | certmgr.msc |
| Character Map | charmap |
| Check Disk Utility | chkdsk |
| Disk Cleanup Utility | cleanmgr |
| SQL Client Configuration | cliconfg |
| Command Prompt | cmd |
| Computer Management | compmgmt.msc |
| Control Panel | control |
| Accessibility Options | control access.cpl |
| Administrative Tools | control admintools |
| Add/Remove Programs w/Add New Programs Preselected | control appwiz.cpl,,1 |
| Add/Remove Programs w/Add Remove Windows Components Preselected | control appwiz.cpl,,2 |
| Add/Remove Programs w/Set Program Access & Defaults Preselected | control appwiz.cpl,,3 |
| Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected) | control color |
| Display Properties | control desktop |
| Fonts | control fonts |
| Keyboard Properties | control keyboard |
| Mouse Properties | control mouse |
| Network Connections | control netconnections |
| Printers and Faxes | control printers |
| Scheduled Tasks | control schedtasks |
| Component Services | dcomcnfg |
| Display Properties | desk.cpl |
| Device Manager | devmgmt.msc |
| Phone Dialer | dialer |
| Disk Management | diskmgmt.msc |
| Disk Partition Manager | diskpart |
| Direct X Troubleshooter | dxdiag |
| Private Character Editor | eudcedit |
| Event Viewer | eventvwr.msc |
| Microsoft Excel (if installed) | excel |
| Windows Explorer | explorer |
| Firefox (if installed) | firefox |
| Windows Firewall | firewall.cpl |
| Fonts Folder | fonts |
| Microsoft Frontpage (if installed) | frontpg |
| Shared Folders | fsmgmt.msc |
| Group Policy Editor (XP Prof) | gpedit.msc |
| Add Hardware Wizard | hdwwiz.cpl |
| Internet Explorer | iexplore |
| Iexpress Wizard | iexpress |
| Adobe ImageReady (if installed) | imageready |
| Internet Properties | inetcpl.cpl |
| Regional Settings | intl.cpl |
| IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) | ipconfig /all |
| IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents) | ipconfig /displaydns |
| IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents) | ipconfig /flushdns |
| IP Configuration (Refreshes DHCP & Re-Registers DNS) | ipconfig /registerdns |
| IP Configuration (Release All Connections) | ipconfig /release |
| IP Configuration (Renew All Connections) | ipconfig /renew |
| IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID) | ipconfig /setclassid |
| IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID) | ipconfig /showclassid |
| Java Control Panel (if installed) | javaws |
| Game Controllers | joy.cpl |
| Java Control Panel (if installed) | jpicpl32.cpl |
| Logs You Out Of Windows | logoff |
| Local Users and Groups | lusrmgr.msc |
| Windows Magnifier | magnify |
| Mouse Properties | main.cpl |
| Files and Settings Transfer Tool | migwiz |
| Sounds and Audio | mmsys.cpl |
| Microsoft Syncronization Tool | mobsync |
| Microsoft Movie Maker | moviemk |
| Malicious Software Removal Tool | mrt |
| Microsoft Access (if installed) | msaccess |
| System Configuration Utility | msconfig |
| Outlook Express | msimn |
| System Information | msinfo32 |
| Microsoft Paint | mspaint |
| Remote Desktop | mstsc |
| Network Connections | ncpa.cpl |
| Nero (if installed) | nero |
| Notepad | notepad |
| On Screen Keyboard | osk |
| Paint | pbrush |
| Performance Monitor | perfmon |
| Performance Monitor | perfmon.msc |
| Adobe Photoshop (if installed) | photoshop |
| Power Configuration | powercfg.cpl |
| Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed) | powerpnt |
| Quicktime (If Installed) | QuickTime.cpl |
| Quicktime Player (if installed) | quicktimeplayer |
| Remote Access Phonebook | rasphone |
| Real Player (if installed) | realplay |
| Registry Editor | regedit |
| Registry Editor | regedit32 |
| Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) | rsop.msc |
| Local Security Settings | secpol.msc |
| Services | services.msc |
| System File Checker Utility (Sets Cache Size to size x) | sfc /cachesize=x |
| System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache) | sfc /purgecache |
| System File Checker Utility (Return Scan Setting To Default) | sfc /revert |
| System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) | sfc /scanboot |
| System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately) | sfc /scannow |
| System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At The Next Boot) | sfc /scanonce |
| Shuts Down Windows | shutdown |
| File Signature Verification Tool | sigverif |
| System Properties | sysdm.cpl |
| System Configuration Editor | sysedit |
| Windows System Security Tool | syskey |
| Task Manager | taskmgr |
| Phone and Modem Options | telephon.cpl |
| Telnet Client | telnet |
| Date and Time Properties | timedate.cpl |
| Windows XP Tour Wizard | tourstart |
| Tweak UI (if installed) | tweakui |
| Utility Manager | utilman |
| Driver Verifier Utility | verifier |
| Windows Address Book | wab |
| Windows Address Book Import Utility | wabmig |
| Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected) | wiaacmgr |
| Windows Version (to show which version of windows) | winver |
| Microsoft Word (if installed) | winword |
| Windows Management Infrastructure | wmimgmt.msc |
| Windows Media Player | wmplayer |
| Wordpad | write |
| | wscui.cpl |
| | |
| | |
| New For | |
| Display Adapter Troubleshooter | AdapterTroubleshooter |
| Authorization Manager | azman.msc |
| Bitlocker Wizard | bitlockerwizard |
| Color Management | colorcpl |
| Computer Management Launcher | CompMgmtLauncher |
| Control Panel | control |
| Credential Backup and Restore Wizard | credwiz |
| Defragment User Interface | dfrgui |
| Driver Package Installer | dpinst |
| DPI Scaling | dpiscaling |
| DVD Player | dvdplay |
| Event Viewer | eventvwr |
| Firewall Control Panel | FirewallControlPanel |
| Firewall Settings | FirewallSettings |
| Windows Shared Folder Management | fsmgmt.msc |
| Bitlocker Notifier | fvenotify |
| Fax Cover Sheet Editor | fxscover |
| Help Pane | helppane |
| Iexpress (Self Extracting Package Creator) | iexpress |
| iSCSI Initiator | iscsicpl |
| Logoff from Windows (Warning: when you run this it will log you off immediately) | logoff |
| Language Pack Installer | lpksetup |
| | mblctr |
| Microsoft Sync Center | mobsync |
| Microsoft Support Diagnostic Tool | msdt |
| Remote Assistance | msra |
| User Accounts | Netplwiz |
| ODBC Data Source Administrator | odbcad32 |
| Optional Features Manager | optionalfeatures |
| People Near Me | p2phost |
| Performance Monitor | perfmon |
| Presentation Settings (only available on mobile pcs) | presentationsettings |
| Printer Migration | PrintBrmUi |
| Encryption File System | rekeywiz |
| Windows Backup Utility | sdclt |
| Accesibility Settings | sethc |
| Windows Share Creation Wizard | shrpubw |
| Software Licensing (Windows Activation) | slui |
| Sound Volume | sndvol |
| Snipping Tool (an Advanced Print Screen function) | snippingtool |
| Sound Recorder | soundrecorder |
| Sticky Note | StikyNot |
| System Properties (Advanced preselected) | SystemPropertiesAdvanced |
| System Properties (Computer Name preselected) | SystemPropertiesComputerName |
| System Properties (Data Execution Prevention preselected) | SystemPropertiesDataExecutionPrevention |
| System Properties (Hardware preselected) | SystemPropertiesHardware |
| System Properties (Performance preselected) | SystemPropertiesPerformance |
| System Properties (Protection preselected) | SystemPropertiesProtection |
| System Properties (Remote preselected) | SystemPropertiesRemote |
| Ditilizer Calibration Tool | tabcal |
| Trusted Platform Module | TpmInit |
| Problem Reports and Solutions | wercon |
| Windows Firewall with Advanced Security | wf.msc |
| Windows Fax and Scan | wfs |
| Windows Image Acquisition (requires a scanner) | wiaacmgr |
| Windows Update App Manager | wuapp |
| Windows Standalong Update Manager | wusa |
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